The ideas in naming and necessity evolved in the early sixties most of the views were formulated in about 196364. For he takes the sense of a designator to be its meaning. Pdf putnams theory of natural kinds and their names is not the. Robertson, teresa, 2009, essentialism and reference to kinds. Naming and necessity from a functional point of view. Current thinking about such topics as reference, naming natural kinds, necessity, analyticity, and identity as been deeply affected by a new theory of reference that has recently aroused much interest. It provided the first cogent account of necessity and possibility as metaphysical concepts, and it. Naming, necessity, and natural kinds edited by stephen p. Quine, nat ural kinds, in naming, necessity, and natural kinds, ed.
It seems to me that kripkes only uses examples of individuals who are humans, and thus natural, and kinds in nature like species. There is a perennial philosophical dream of a certain natural order for the natural kinds. The alternative explored here is to conceptualize taxa as natural kinds, and to. When devitt and sterelny extend their causal theory to natural kinds, they are conspicuously avoiding essences. C is a name for that very brain event, and so rigidly designates it. This means it makes the assumption that many fundamental. The preface is not written in such a way as to be completely selfcontained. The description theory again has a natural and elegant solution.
Pdf naming and necessity download full pdf book download. The book has four chapters, covering the main topics of kripkes epic naming and necessity nn. P c, on the other hand, contains two rigid designators. Steven schwartz 1977 in naming, necessity, and natural kinds. The florida state univerttity tallahassee, florida lawrence s. However, i could be prove wrong with simply some naming and necessity quotes to the contrary. To say that a kind is natural is to say that it corresponds to a grouping that reflects the structure of the natural world rather than the interests and actions of human beings. Terms and names are used to show what we have seen and what was seen.
For example, if we think of naming an entity and describing it as, semantically. Naming, necessity, and natural kinds by schwartz, stephen p. In natural kinds, laws of nature and scientific methodology, ed. Naming and necessity is an unusual thought experiment in relation to metaphysical reasoning and a priori thought of the things around us. Scientific disciplines frequently divide the particulars they study into kinds and theorize about those kinds. If the problem of universals was the great controversy of the mediaeval philosophy, questions about naming may qualify as the parallel controversy in 20th century philosophy. Natural kinds and natural kind terms kathrin koslicki. Naming and necessity available for download and read online in other formats. The name of this dream is the hierarchy requirement or assumption or thesis.
Donnellan, saul kripke, and hilary putnam, are collected in this. It redirected philosophical attention to neglected questions of natural and metaphysical necessity and to the connections between these and theories of naming, and of identity. Explorations in the philosophical work of saul kripke jonathan berg eds. Naming and necessity pdf, in particular, both thought that there was no fundamental difference between ordinary proper names and definite descriptions. The contrary doctrine that we are directly acquainted in experience with particuphysical objects which have their own existence independently of being perceived by us, and is known as realism or, to distinguish it from realism about universals, epistemological realism. While the mainstream theories of reference inspired by frege and russel are more sophisticated, they have numerous counterintuitive consequences. And since names for natural kinds are rigid designators, while stuff in our ponds is not, these two can come apart in different worlds. Phenomenalism is, historically, the doctrine that we are acquainted in experience only with sensations, or sense data. The last motivation for the description theory is related to russells problem of. Ever since the publication of its original version, naming and necessity has had great and increasing influence. This to me, seems like he only thinks rigid designators are applied to natural things.
It redirected philosophical attention to neglected questions of natural and metaphysical necessity and to the connections between these and theories. Naming and necessity by saul kripke is a work on the subject of analytical philosophy, focused on the topic of philosophy of language. The classic text of modern essentialism is kripkes naming and necessity. The rekindled interest in natural kind essentialism1 that view that natural kinds have essences, and objects get to be members of said kinds by possessing the relevant kind essence and natural kind semantics2, stems from saul kripkes seminal work naming and necessity. Other articles where naming and necessity is discussed. As its title no doubt suggests, hughess is a book about kripke. This is a necessary condition of kindhood, but not a sufficient condition. In the case of the electron the fundamental universals the electrons mass, charge, and spin do combine to form a complex universal. Kripkes most important philosophical publication, naming and necessity 1980, based on transcripts of three lectures he delivered at princeton in 1970, changed the course of analytic philosophy. It redirected philosophical attention to neglected questions of natural and metaphysical necessity and to the connections between these and theories of reference, in particular of naming, and of identity.
Naming and necessity 3 the preface first, but that they return to it for clarification if necessary after they have read the main text. To see the necessity of unifying the two existing theories, we need to know what the function of the meaning of terms and names is and why the current understandings fail to allow it to function properly. The second currently gaining in popularity among externalists holds that water is a natural kind term only if water in fact turns out to be a natural kind. Let us call any ohject that has just the physical properties le. This chapter studies the application of some of the central ideas developed by saul kripke and hilary putnam concerning singular terms to general terms for kinds, showing that the theory of natural kind terms must in fact use additional ideas and different argumentation. Saul kripke argues throughout naming and necessity that his picture of how names refer handles natural language better than alternative theories. Some of the key papers setting forth the theory, as developed by keith s. Elizabeth ii might have turned out to be the daughter of the trumans. Naming, necessity, and natural kinds 1977 edition open library.
The rekindled interest in natural kind essentialism1 that view that natural kinds have essences, and objects get to be members of said kinds by possessing the relevant kind essence and natural kind semantics 2, stems from saul kripkes seminal work naming and necessity. Pdf on sep 15, zsofia zvolenszky and others published naming with necessity. Natural kind terms terms like gold and tiger work like proper names. That identity statements between what we call names in actual language are necessary.
For example, we may imagine these terms introduced by the following stipulations. Apparent counterexamples to the necessity of identity are often cases of epistemic possibility. Are theoretical identities really identity statements. Natural kinds crosscut one another, ubiquitously so, and this crosscutting spells the end of the hierarchical dream. Kripke is beholden to a metaphysics of the use of words those denoting natural kinds being in the first instance predicates, and not names, making the whole discussion a bit mysterious according to which words intrinsically latch on to some real feature of the world and decide for counterfactual cases which things they would apply to, across. Read download naming and necessity pdf pdf download. Naming and necessity a conflation in freges notion of sense frege should be criticized for using the term sense in two senses.
Together they make up a striking contribution as professor harned continues to show the nova et vetera of the theological enterprise. Or is this something that cannot be known in advance of empirical. This article divides philosophical discussions of natural kinds into three areas. As with analytic necessity, essences presuppose a synthesis, which is the result either of factual association or physical necessity. In the remaining part of this article, we first provide the philosophical foundation to the new theory. Naming and necessity is a 1980 book with the transcript of three lectures, given by the philosopher saul kripke, at princeton university in 1970, in which he dealt with the debates of proper names in the philosophy of language. If there is such a thing as essential reading in metaphysics or in philosophy of language, this is it. A complex universal is a universal whose parts are universals just as a complex particular is a particular whose parts are particulars. Two conceptions of natural kind terms are contrasted. Naming and necessity has had a great and increasing influence. The result is two very different theories about natural kinds and their names.
Kripke, naming and necessity in harman and davidson, eds. Open library is an open, editable library catalog, building towards a web page for every book ever published. It redirected philosophical attention to neglected questions of natural and metaphysical necessity and to the connections between these and theories of naming, and of. Pdf philosophers have been referring to the kripkeputnam theory of natural kind terms for. Explorations in the philosophical work of saul kripke.
It explores the connections between our deduction and reasoning processes as to why we name objects, qualities, and even people. Hawley and bird 2011 argue that natural kinds are complex universals. Review peter van inwagen 1978 international studies in philosophy 10. The traditional theory of references holds that meaning is given to terms by specifying a conjunction of properties. Natural kinds and conceptual change by joseph laporte. It focuses on kripkes notion of rigid designation and the generation of exotic necessary truths. Naming, necessity, and natural kinds internet archive. Kripke and putnam on natural kind terms oxford scholarship. Any item possessing all of the specified properties is considered to be an object of. Individuals, kinds, and essential properties, philosophical books, 50. We tend to assume that science is often successful in revealing these kinds. Meaning and naming in michael devitt and kim sterelnys language and reality, mit press, 1999.
It redirected philosophical attention to neglected questions of natural and metaphysical necessity and to the connections between these and theories of reference, in particular of naming. Rigid designators stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. This can be examined by way of michael devitt and kim sterelnys language and reality, which is subtitled an introduction to. The transcript was brought out originally in 1972 in semantics of natural language, edited by donald davidson and. What would it mean for natural kind terms to be rigid designators. This has the advantage of explaining what natural necessity is it is just. Knowledge of manifest natural kinds 161 acquainted through their paradigmatic instances. Naming and necessity for human beings, philadelphia. Analogies between proper names and natural kind terms 2. Three issues in penelope mackies how things might have been. Kripke claims that i and ii are selfevident theses of philosophical logic independent of natural language. The first holds that whether water is a natural kind term depends on its a priori knowable semantic features.
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